1 2 ARDUINO FOR BEGINNERS ESSENTIAL SKILLS EVERY MAKER NEEDS John Baichtal 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana U...
ARDUINO FOR BEGINNERS ESSENTIAL SKILLS EVERY MAKER NEEDS
John Baichtal
800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
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Arduino for Beginners
Arduino for Beginners: Essential Skills Every Maker Needs
Editor-in-Chief
Greg Wiegand Executive Editor
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Rick Kughen Development Editor
Rick Kughen Managing Editor
Sandra Schroeder Senior Project Editor
ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-4883-6 ISBN-10: 0-7897-4883-5
Tonya Simpson
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946136
Paula Lowell
Printed in the United States of America First Printing: November 2013
Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que Publishing cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Arduino is a registered trademark of Arduino, www.arduino.cc/.
Copy Editor
Indexer
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Warning and Disclaimer Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. The information provided is on an “as is” basis. The author and the publisher shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book.
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Book Designer
Mark Shirar Compositor
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Contents at a Glance Introduction
1
CHAPTER 1
Arduino Cram Session
5
CHAPTER 2
Breadboarding
27
CHAPTER 3
How to Solder
53
CHAPTER 4
Setting Up Wireless Connections
CHAPTER 5
Programming Arduino
CHAPTER 6
Sensing the World
CHAPTER 7
Controlling Liquid
CHAPTER 8
Tool Bin
CHAPTER 9
Ultrasonic Detection
117
143 165
187
CHAPTER 10 Making Noise
243
273
CHAPTER 11 Measuring Time
295
CHAPTER 12 Safely Working with High Voltage CHAPTER 13 Controlling Motors
Glossary Index
91
359
365
339
321
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Arduino for Beginners
Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1
1
Arduino Cram Session ................................................ 5 Arduino Uno: A Rookie-Friendly Microcontroller ............................5 Other Arduino Products ................................................................8 Electronics ....................................................................................9 Light-Emitting Diodes ..............................................................11 Buttons and Switches ...............................................................11 Potentiometers ........................................................................12 Resistors ..................................................................................13 Capacitors ...............................................................................14 Motors ....................................................................................15 Solenoids .................................................................................16 Piezo Buzzers ...........................................................................17 Seven-Segment Displays ...........................................................18 Relays ......................................................................................19 Integrated Circuits ...................................................................20 Temperature Sensors................................................................21 Flex Sensor...............................................................................22 Light Sensor .............................................................................23 Ultrasonic Sensor .....................................................................23 Safety Rules.................................................................................24 The Next Chapter ........................................................................26
Chapter 2
Breadboarding ......................................................... 27 Assembling Circuits Using Solderless Breadboards .......................27 Understanding Power and Ground ...........................................30 Using Jumper Wires .................................................................30 Project: Breadboard Blink ............................................................32 Project: Laser Trip Beam ..............................................................35 Assembling the Laser Module ...................................................38 Assembling the Sensor Module .................................................38 Building the Enclosures ............................................................41 Laser Trip Beam Code ..............................................................47 Setting Up the Trip Beam .........................................................49
Table of Contents v
Alt.Project: Infrared Detector .......................................................50 Wiring Up the PIR and Buzzer ..................................................51 Infrared Detector Code ............................................................51 The Next Chapter ........................................................................52 Chapter 3
How to Solder ......................................................... 53 Gathering Soldering Supplies .......................................................55 Picking a Soldering Iron............................................................55 Choosing a Solder ....................................................................58 Getting the Other Things You Need ..........................................59 Desktop Vises ...............................................................................59 Cutters and Strippers .....................................................................60 Needle-Nose Pliers and Hemostats ..................................................61 Fans or Fume Extractors .................................................................62 ESD Protection .............................................................................62 Solder Stand and Sponge ................................................................63 Soldering .....................................................................................64 Desoldering .................................................................................68 Cleanup ......................................................................................71 Project: LED Strip Coffee Table....................................................72 Preparing the Light Strip ..........................................................73 Attaching the Light Strip to the Table .......................................75 Building the Enclosure .................................................................76 Controlling the LED Strip .........................................................82 LED Strip Code ...........................................................................82 The Next Chapter ........................................................................90
Chapter 4
Setting Up Wireless Connections ............................... 91 XBee Wireless Modules ................................................................92 XBee Versus XBee Pro ..............................................................92 Series 1 Versus Series 2 ............................................................93 XBee Breakout Boards .................................................................93 Anatomy of the XBee ...................................................................94 Competing Wireless Modules.......................................................95 Freakduino Chibi .....................................................................95 JeeLabs JeeNode.......................................................................96
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Project: Wireless LED Activation ..................................................96 Wireless LED Code ......................................................................99 Project: Bluetooth Doorbell .......................................................101 The Button ............................................................................103 Instructions for Wiring Up the Doorbell..................................103 Button Unit ................................................................................103 Buzzer Unit ................................................................................105 Building the Doorbell Enclosures ............................................107 Button Unit Enclosure..................................................................108 Bending Acrylic ...........................................................................109 Buzzer Unit Enclosure ..................................................................112 Wireless Doorbell Code .............................................................112 Button Unit Code ..................................................................113 Buzzer Unit Code ...................................................................114 The Next Chapter ......................................................................115 Chapter 5
Programming Arduino............................................. 117 The Arduino Development Environment .....................................118 Programming Window ..........................................................118 Menus ...................................................................................120 File Menu...................................................................................120 Edit Menu ..................................................................................120 Sketch Menu...............................................................................121 Tools Menu ................................................................................122 Help Menu .................................................................................123 The Blink Sketch ........................................................................124 Learning from Example Code .....................................................127 Adapt the Code .....................................................................128 Finding Example Code............................................................128 Arduino Playground.....................................................................129 Libraries.....................................................................................130 Sharing Example Code .................................................................131 More Functions and Syntax........................................................133 Arithmetic..............................................................................133 Arrays ....................................................................................133
Table of Contents vii
Comparison Operators ..........................................................134 For ........................................................................................134 Include ..................................................................................135 Increment/Decrement ............................................................135 Interrupts ..............................................................................135 If/Else ....................................................................................136 Mapping ................................................................................136 Random.................................................................................136 Switch/Case ...........................................................................137 While .....................................................................................137 Debugging Using the Serial Monitor ..........................................137 All About Libraries.....................................................................139 Resources for Learning Programming .........................................141 Books ....................................................................................141 Websites ................................................................................141 The Next Chapter ......................................................................141 Chapter 6
Sensing the World ................................................. 143 Lesson: Sensors .........................................................................144 Digital Versus Analog .............................................................145 Digital .......................................................................................145 Analog .......................................................................................145 Connecting Digital and Analog Sensors ..................................146 Know Your Sensors ....................................................................146 Accelerometer ........................................................................147 Barometric .............................................................................147 Encoder .................................................................................148 Gas........................................................................................148 Hall Effect..............................................................................149 Infrared .................................................................................150 Piezo Buzzer (Knock Sensor) ..................................................150 Sound Sensors .......................................................................151 Tilt Sensors ............................................................................151 Project: Mood Light...................................................................152 Instructions............................................................................154 Mood Lamp Code ..................................................................159
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Alt.Project: Kerf Bending ...........................................................162 The Next Chapter ......................................................................163 Chapter 7
Controlling Liquid ................................................... 165 Lesson: Controlling the Flow of Liquid .......................................166 Solenoid Valve .......................................................................166 Pressurized Reservoir..............................................................167 Peristaltic Pump .....................................................................168 Mini Project: Make a Pressurized Reservoir ................................169 Instructions............................................................................170 Pressurized Reservoir Code .....................................................171 Project: Plant-Watering Robot ...................................................173 Instructions............................................................................175 Plant-Watering Robot Electronics ...........................................179 Plant-Watering Robot Enclosure ............................................181 Adding the Electronics ..................................................................182 Plant-Watering Robot Code ...................................................185 The Next Chapter ......................................................................186
Chapter 8
Tool Bin ................................................................ 187 Maker’s Ultimate Toolbox .........................................................188 Basic Multimeter ....................................................................188 Multitool ...............................................................................189 Measuring Tape .....................................................................190 Soldering Iron .......................................................................190 Digital Caliper ........................................................................191 Scissors..................................................................................192 X-Acto Knives.........................................................................192 Screwdrivers...........................................................................193 Hardware...............................................................................193 Wire Strippers ........................................................................194 Super Glue .............................................................................195 Mini Flashlight .......................................................................196 Hot Glue Gun ........................................................................196 Magnifying Glass....................................................................197 Writing Supplies.....................................................................197
Table of Contents ix
Sketchbook ............................................................................198 Charging Cables .....................................................................198 Working with Wood ..................................................................200 Laser Cutter ...........................................................................200 How to Use a Laser Cutter ...........................................................201 Rotary Tool ...........................................................................202 Air Compressor and Attachments ...........................................203 Drill .......................................................................................203 CNC Mill ...............................................................................204 Lasering and CNCing Services .......................................................205 Table Saw ..............................................................................206 Lathe .....................................................................................206 Sander ...................................................................................207 Working with Plastic..................................................................208 3D Printers ............................................................................209 LEGO ....................................................................................210 Sugru .....................................................................................211 Vacuum Former .....................................................................211 Extruder.................................................................................212 Tamiya ..................................................................................213 Working with Metal...................................................................214 Plasma Cutter ........................................................................215 Band Saw ..............................................................................216 Grinder ..................................................................................217 Welder...................................................................................218 Aluminum Building Systems ...................................................219 80/20 .......................................................................................219 MicroRAX ..................................................................................220 OpenBeam .................................................................................221 Makeblock .................................................................................222 VEX ...........................................................................................223 Maker Spaces ............................................................................224 Software....................................................................................228 GIMP.....................................................................................228 Inkscape ................................................................................229
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Arduino for Beginners
Fritzing ..................................................................................230 KiCad PCB Layout Software ...................................................230 MakerCase.............................................................................231 Electronics Tools and Techniques ..............................................232 Multimeters ...........................................................................233 Harvesting Electronics ............................................................235 Electronics Marking ...............................................................238 Part Numbers .............................................................................238 Datasheets .................................................................................239 Resistor Color Bands ...................................................................240 Schematic Symbols ................................................................241 The Next Chapter ......................................................................242 Chapter 9
Ultrasonic Detection ............................................... 243 Lesson: Ultrasonic Detection .....................................................244 Ultrasonic Sensor Applications ...............................................245 Mini Project: Make an Ultrasonic Night Light .............................245 Ultrasonic Night Light Code ...................................................246 Project: Cat Toy ........................................................................247 Instructions............................................................................250 Enclosure ..............................................................................252 Lathe 101..................................................................................269 Lathe Safety ..............................................................................271 The Next Chapter ......................................................................272
Chapter 10
Making Noise ...................................................... 273 Noise in Electronics ...................................................................274 Thingamagoop.......................................................................275 Tactile Metronome.................................................................275 LushOne Synth.......................................................................276 Mini Project: Pushbutton Melody...............................................278 Instructions............................................................................279 Pushbutton Melody Code .......................................................280 Project: Noisemaker ..................................................................282 Instructions............................................................................283 Noisemaker Code...................................................................293 The Next Chapter ......................................................................294
Table of Contents xi
Chapter 11
Measuring Time ................................................... 295 Time Server ............................................................................295 Arduino’s Timer ....................................................................296 Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module ..............................................297 Mini Project: Digital Clock .........................................................298 Instructions............................................................................300 Digital Clock Code .................................................................301 Project: Indoor Wind Chime ......................................................302 Servo Horns ...........................................................................303 Instructions............................................................................304 Code .....................................................................................316 Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) Tools .........................318 The Next Chapter ......................................................................319
Chapter 12
Safely Working with High Voltage .......................... 321 Lesson: Controlling High Voltage ...............................................322 PowerSwitch Tail....................................................................322 EMSL Simple Relay Shield ......................................................323 Beefcake Relay Control Board ................................................324 Mini Project: Making a Fan Controller .......................................327 Instructions............................................................................328 Fan Controller Code...............................................................329 Project: Making a Lava Lamp Buddy .........................................330 Decoding Infrared ..................................................................331 Instructions............................................................................332 Lava Lamp Buddy Code..........................................................335 The Next Chapter ......................................................................338
Chapter 13
Controlling Motors ............................................... 339 How to Control Motors .............................................................340 Adafruit Motor Shield ............................................................340 Shmalz Haus EasyDriver .........................................................341 Bricktronics MegaShield .........................................................341 Powering Your Motor Using a TIP-120 .......................................342 Alt.Project: Stepper Turner ........................................................344 Instructions............................................................................345 Stepper Turner Code ..............................................................346
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Arduino for Beginners
Project: BubbleBot ....................................................................347 Instructions............................................................................349 BubbleBot Code ....................................................................356 Glossary Index
359
365
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author John Baichtal got his start writing blog posts for Wired’s legendary GeekDad blog as well as the DIYer’s bible MAKE Magazine. From there, he branched out into authoring books about toys, tools, robots, and hobby electronics. He is the co-author of The Cult of LEGO (No Starch) and author of Hack This: 24 Incredible Hackerspace Projects from the DIY Movement as well as Basic Robot Building with LEGO Mindstorm’s NXT 2.0 (both from Que). Most recently he wrote Make: LEGO and Arduino Projects for MAKE, collaborating with Adam Wolf and Matthew Beckler. He lives in Minneapolis, MN, with his wife and three children.
Dedication For Harold Baichtal 1939–2013
Acknowledgments I want to thank my loving wife, Elise, for her patience and support; all my hacker friends, for answering my endless questions; my mother, Barbara, for working on the glossary; and my children, Eileen Arden, Rosemary, and Jack, for their curiosity and interest.
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Introduction When you go to a store and buy an electronic gizmo, does it ever occur to you that you could make one yourself? Or even that it would be FUN to make one yourself? The learning curve can be intimidating. You have to study electronics, learn what all the components do, and how to control them with a microcontroller. To put the components together, you’ll have to learn how to solder. To program the microcontroller, you’ll have to learn how to code. To make a cool container that holds the electronics, you’ll have to master certain workshop skills. Sound intimidating? One bit of technology that makes these dreams not only achievable but enjoyable is the Arduino, a small microcontroller board designed to be easy to learn and a breeze to program. It lets you operate motors and take input from sensors, allowing you to build the project you want to! The goal of this book is to help you create those projects—not just the gizmo, but the enclosure as well. You’ll learn workshop skills, familiarize yourself with a ton of tools, build stuff. All of these projects use the easy-to-learn Arduino UNO microcontroller. This book has been a huge learning experience for me, and I hope it is for you as well. You can build a lot of cool things with an Arduino, and the projects in this book are just the beginning. Good luck and have fun!
What’s in This Book This book is designed to take an absolute beginner and bring him or her up to speed on a large number of topics related to electronics, tools, and programming. ■
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Chapter 1 is called “Arduino Cram Session” because it drops a bunch of information on Arduinos and electronics—just what you need to start creating! Chapter 2, “Breadboarding,” walks you through actually creating an electronics project—a laser trip beam!—using a handy piece of equipment called a solderless breadboard. Chapter 3, “How to Solder,” teaches you how to use a soldering iron to connect electronic components. The chapter’s project involves adding an LED light strip to a coffee table. Chapter 4, “Setting Up Wireless Connections,” introduces you to three different ways that you can control a project with wireless signals. When you’re finished learning about that, you can tackle the chapter’s project, creating a wireless doorbell. Chapter 5, “Programming Arduino,” shows you the basics of controlling your Arduino with programs you upload to the board. I’ll take you line by line through an Arduino program so you can learn how it works.
INTRODUCTION
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Chapter 6, “Sensing the World,” describes a variety of sensors and explains the difference between digital and analog sensors. Chapter 6’s project is a mood lamp that changes its colors depending on the environment around it. Chapter 7, “Controlling Liquid,” shows readers three ways to pump liquid, and then puts one of these techniques to the test by showing how to build a plant-watering robot. Chapter 8, “Tool Bin,” is a crash course on tools, everything from the ultimate toolbox to what to stock a wood or metal shop. Chapter 9, “Ultrasonic Detection,” talks about using pulses of inaudible sound to map out obstructions and measure distances. The chapter’s project, a cat toy, waggles a pompom intriguingly above your cat’s nose when the sensor detects her. Chapter 10, “Making Noise,” shows you how to make delightful electronic music (also known as noise!) generated by your Arduino. The project shows you how to build a hand-held noisemaker of your very own. Chapter 11, “Measuring Time,” explains three ways in which the Arduino can keep track of time. Then I show you how to build an “indoor wind chime” that strikes on the hour. Chapter 12, “Safely Working with High Voltage,” shows you three ways to deal with wall current safely. You’ll build a sweet lava lamp controller that starts and stops the lamp on a schedule, plus you can trigger it with a remote control. Chapter 13, “Controlling Motors,” explains motor control options for the Arduino. Then you’ll build a bubble-blowing robot with your newfound skills!
Who Can Use This Book This book is intended for persons new to making Arduinos. It assumes very little knowledge on the part of the reader; the only mental attributes needed are a sense of curiosity and a desire to tackle new challenges.
How to Use This Book I hope this book is easy enough to read that you don’t need instructions. That said, a few elements bear explaining.
Tip Tips are helpful bits of advice that will save you time and/or headaches.
How to Use This Book 3
TIP This is a Tip that provides helpful advice that I have learned along the way.
Note Notes are tidbits of useful information that are helpful, but not mission critical.
NOTE This is a Note that provides information that’s useful, even if it is somewhat ancillary.
Caution Cautions point out pitfalls and dangers. Don’t skip these unless you like breaking things and spending time in the ER.
CAUTION This is a Caution. You shouldn’t skip these! The safety of your hardware, tools, and possibly your flesh depend on it.
Parts Lists For each project in this book, I provide a shopping list of parts, such as the following, that you’ll need to complete it.
PARTS LIST ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Arduino Servo (I used a HiTec HS-322HD servo, Jameco P/N 33322.) Servo horns (A number of horns come with the HiTec; these should be fine.) Chronodot RTC Module 1/4" dowel (You’ll need about 8" to a foot.) Wind chime (I used a Gregorian Chimes Soprano wind chime, SKU 28375-00651.) 5mm plywood for the enclosure
INTRODUCTION
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1" pine board for the support blocks Eye bolt and nut (The Home Depot P/N 217445) #8 × 1/2" wood screws #6 × 2" wood screws #4 × 1/2" wood screws 24 1/4" × 1 1/2" bolts with locking washers and nuts 12 1/4" × 1" bolts with locking washers and nuts Drill press and a variety of drill bits Chop saw Table saw
Code When a project requires code—or a sketch—I list it exactly as you should type it. However, unless you just like typing, you don’t need to re-key the code found in this book. I’ve placed the code online so that you can easily download it, and then copy and paste it. Chapter 5 will get you up to speed on programming your Arduino. Go to https://github.com/n1/Arduino-For-Beginners to download this code and other files associated with this book. Here is a sample code listing: int valve = 13; // renames Pin 13 “valve”
int offhours = 0; // how many hours before the water dispenses? int offmins = 1; // how many minutes before the water dispenses? int spray = 10; // number of seconds the water sprays
void setup() { pinMode(valve, OUTPUT);
// designates the valve pin as “output”
Serial.begin(115200); }
void loop() { int wait = (offmins * 60000) + (offhours * 3600000); // computes milliseconds
digitalWrite(valve, HIGH); delay(spray * 1000); // water stays on this number of milliseconds Serial.println(offmins * 60000); // I used this when debugging digitalWrite(valve, LOW); delay(offmins * 60000); // water stays off this number of milliseconds }
4 Setting Up Wireless Connections This chapter explores the wireless networking tools that enable two or more Arduinos to talk together. Chief among these is the XBee, an Arduino-friendly wireless module capable of connecting a whole network of microcontrollers. In Figure 4.1, you can see one of my own projects, a LEGO robot controlled with Wii nunchucks connected to XBee-equipped Arduinos. You can learn how to build it in my book, Make: Lego and Arduino Projects (ISBN 978-1449321062). After you get up to speed on the XBee, you will tackle the third project, a wireless doorbell!
FIGURE 4.1 This XBee-equipped bracer enables you to control a robot wirelessly.
CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
92
XBee Wireless Modules XBee modules (see Figure 4.2) are based on ZigBee, which is an industry standard protocol that creates networks of multiple wireless nodes via serial data transmission, meaning only one bit (0 or 1) is sent at a time, making it slow but easy to configure. ZigBee is the default protocol used in home automation, so learning the platform’s ins and outs could aid you in creating your own curtain-puller or light-switcher!
1
1
11 XBee Controllers 22 Breakout Board
2
2
FIGURE 4.2 Two Series 1 XBee modules attached to Adafruit breakout boards. XBee also happens to be the default communication method used by Arduino, enabling them to work together nicely. However, a wide assortment of XBee flavors are available, and you must sure to get the right one. Let’s focus on just four of those XBee flavors in this chapter: ■ ■ ■ ■
XBee XBee Pro XBee Series 1 XBee Series 2
XBee Versus XBee Pro You first need to choose between XBee “regular” and “professional”—the distinction is purely about radio power. Ordinary XBees feature 1mW (one thousandth of a watt) power, whereas Pros are rated at 63mW, giving you a much greater range. What kind of range exactly? It depends on a complicated array of factors, including electromagnetic interference, antenna type, and physical obstructions. That said, Digi International, the maker of XBee products, issues range estimates for the various models. The regular 1mW XBee is rated for 80 feet indoors and 300 feet outdoors, and the company claims the Pro model is good for 140 feet indoors and an impressive 4,000 feet—almost a mile—outdoors. Of course, for that last number, you would need the
XBee Breakout Boards 93
most ideal circ*mstances, like beaming from one hilltop to another. Any sort of obstruction will reduce the effective range of your radio. If you don’t need 4,000 feet, you might be better off skipping the Pro model because it costs more.
Series 1 Versus Series 2 The second consideration in choosing an XBee is what sort of networking you would like to configure. Digi International sells what it describes as Series 1 and Series 2 XBees. ■
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Series 1—Series 1 offers the simplest networking setup in that you don’t have to set it up. Basically, every Series 1 module talks to every other Series 1 module within range—a configuration known as the mesh network. It’s an easy way to get started playing around with wireless technology. If you want to direct data to a single module, you have to use software to set an identifier during both transmission and reception. This sounds intimidating, but it can be as simple as adding a single digit. Say you want to send data to Node 5; you can add a 5 to the beginning of your stream of data and the other nodes will ignore it. Series 2—Series 2 is more robust, offering—in addition to the settings of the Series 1— the ability to ■ Create more intricate networks with nodes being designated as “coordinators,” able to issue commands. ■ Create “routers” that send and receive data. ■ Create end devices that may only receive. On the downside, having all these features means that you can’t plug-and-play, because you must configure the modules before using them, unlike Series 1, which you can use right out of the box! More technically, the Series 2 use a different wireless protocol that makes them incompatible with Series 1 modules, so don’t even try!
XBee Breakout Boards XBee modules are easy to use, but they require a little love before they will fit into a typical Arduino project because their pin spacing is 2mm instead of Arduino-compatible 0.1". The solution is a small PCB called a breakout board, a way of creating a tiny circuit that can be plugged in to an Arduino. The wimpiest of these is simply a PCB (printed circuit board) equipped with pins with the right spacing for breadboarding. However, more robust breakout boards, such as Adafruit’s (P/N 126, previously shown in Figure 4.2), have a voltage regulator and status LEDs to keep your radio from getting fried.
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CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
Anatomy of the XBee If you look at an XBee module, shown in Figure 4.3, it looks like a blue plate the size of a postage stamp, with a number of metal pins sticking out underneath. The top features an antenna. Adding it to a breakout board makes for more detail, so let’s go through the XBee’s various features.
4 3
2 1
5 6
FIGURE 4.3 The XBee and its breakout board breadboarded up. Note that the 5V and GND pins are already connected to the proper terminal buses. 1. Pins—You can see the tops of the XBee’s pins. They control the board, bringing in power
and sending and receiving data from the Arduino. The pins plug into headers on the breakout board. Note that these pins have the wrong spacing for breadboards. 2. Antenna—You have multiple antenna options depending on the XBee, but I think this
wire antenna is the best for what it does, because it’s tough and can take a modest amount of abuse without bending. 3. Power LED—This lights when the board powers up.
Competing Wireless Modules 95 4. Data LED—This flashes to let you know that data is passing through the XBee. 5. Power regulator—These capacitors and the transistor manage the power going into the
XBee. Unfortunately, frying a radio by using too much power is easy to do. The good news is that the regulator keeps the power flowing at just the right voltage. 6. Breadboard pins—Unlike the pins that connect the XBee to the breakout board, these
pins are spaced correctly for a breadboard. Just as good, they are labeled so you can see which pin does what!
Competing Wireless Modules It probably doesn’t surprise you that the XBee isn’t the only party in town. Here are a couple of cool alternatives that you can purchase for use in a project.
Freakduino Chibi Created by Tokyo-based hacker Akiba (a.k.a. Chris Wang), the Chibi (see Figure 4.4) does away with the separate boards for the microcontroller and wireless module—Akiba has combined them into a single board. The Chibi is Arduino compatible and uses the same wireless band as the XBee. You can buy it at www.freaklabsstore.com.
FIGURE 4.4 Freaklabs’ Freakduino Chibi is essentially an Arduino with built-in wireless capability.
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JeeLabs JeeNode A similar concept to the Chibi, the JeeNode consists of an ATmega328p, which is the same microchip that serves as the mind of the Arduino, along with a built-in wireless module. JeeNodes are very small and have fewer capabilities than the Chibi, but have many fans due to the JeeNodes’ small form factor and their ease of use. You can purchase them at http:// jeelabs.com/products/jeenode.
TIP Just Use Series 1 There is so much more to learn about radios, and you might already be overwhelmed! I suggest just limiting yourself to the XBee, non-Pro, Series 1. It’s a wonderfully simple way to add wireless to your projects without spending too much money or frustrating yourself by taking on too complicated a radio before you need to.
Project: Wireless LED Activation Oooh, wireless radios! Working with them sounds kind of intimidating. It’s actually not, and I’ll prove it. Let’s create a simple network (see Figure 4.5) that lets two Arduinos communicate. In this mini-project, you’ll create two identical assemblies, each consisting of an Arduino and XBee, along with a button and a LED. When you press the button on one assembly, the LED on the other one lights up, and vice versa! You can see how this project will give you a nice start toward building a wireless doorbell, which is the main project for this chapter.
Project: Wireless LED Activation 97
FIGURE 4.5 Control LEDs with XBee-equipped Arduinos.
PARTS LIST You’ll be making two assemblies, so you need two of everything! ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Arduinos (x2) XBees (x2) Breakout boards (x2) Pushbuttons (x2) Breadboards (x2) LEDs (x2) Jumpers
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Follow these steps to assemble the XBee test platform: 1. Solder the breakout boards—Solder up your XBee breakout boards if you haven’t
already. Depending on your kit, this could mean simply soldering in some header pins. On other kits, however, you must solder in LEDs, capacitors, and so on. 2. Connect the XBees to the breakout boards—Attach the XBees to their respective
breakout boards. This typically involves simply plugging in the XBees’ pins to the appropriate holes in the breakout board. Just follow the directions that accompany your kit. 3. Attach to breadboards—Plug the breakout boards and XBees into the breadboards. You
can see where to place it in Figure 4.6. 4. Attach the pushbuttons, LEDs, and jumpers—Attach these items as follows (also
shown in Figure 4.6): A. GND on the XBee goes to GND on the breadboard. Connect the GND bus of the breadboard to the GND port of the Arduino. B. +5V on the XBee goes to 5V on the Arduino. C. TX on the XBee goes to RX on the Arduino. D. RX on the XBee goes to TX on the Arduino. E. Connect a button to pin 8 on the Arduino; the other end connects to the GND bus. You should end up with two identical units, and if you upload the Arduino code to both of them, they should work identically. Even cooler, the way the networks are set up, you could actually create three or more of these assemblies and they’ll all work the way you would expect. Press the button on one, and the LEDs on all the others will light up! It’s not super practical, to be sure, but it shows how easily you can set up an XBee network.
Wireless LED Code 99
FIGURE 4.6 This diagram shows you how to create these XBee test modules.
Wireless LED Code Upload the following code to both Arduinos. Remember, both modules are identical, down to the software. If you can’t remember how to upload sketches to your Arduino, Chapter 5, “Programming Arduino,” explains how.
NOTE Code Available for Download You don’t have to enter all of this code by hand. Simply go to https://github.com/ n1/Arduino-For-Beginners to download the free code.
CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
100
#include
const int buttonPin = 8; const int ledPin = 13; int buttonState = 0;
void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP); }
void process_incoming_command(char cmd) { int speed = 0; switch (cmd) { case ‘1’: case 1: digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); break; case ‘0’: case 0: digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); break;
} }
void loop() { if (Serial.available() >= 2) { char start = Serial.read(); if (start != ‘*’) { return; }
char cmd = Serial.read(); process_incoming_command(cmd);
Project: Bluetooth Doorbell 101 }
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); if (buttonState == HIGH) { Serial.write(‘*’); Serial.write(1); } else { Serial.write(‘*’); Serial.write(0); } delay(50); //limit how fast we update }
Project: Bluetooth Doorbell Now you can take what you learned about XBees and apply it to a slightly more robust project: a wireless doorbell. Figure 4.7 shows the doorbell button, and Figure 4.8 shows the buzzer unit that is tucked away on a shelf inside.
FIGURE 4.7 The doorbell awaits visitors!
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CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
FIGURE 4.8 The buzzer unit sits discreetly on a shelf. Sure, you might say, they make these already! You can buy a wireless doorbell in any hardware store. However, this one you make yourself! Even better, as you get more confident with Arduino, you can modify it to make it uniquely yours. For instance, what if your Arduino triggers a music player instead of a buzzer to let you know that someone has pressed the button?
PARTS LIST Just as in the mini-project earlier in the chapter, you’ll be using two Arduinos, linked together. However, in this project, one Arduino waits for a button press, while the other one sets off a buzzer when it detects that the button has been pressed. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
2 Arduino Unos 2 XBee wireless modules (Adafruit P/N 128) 2 Adafruit XBee breakout boards (Adafruit P/N 126) 2 mini breadboards (these are really small breadboards the sign of a postage stamp, Adafruit P/N 65) Button (SparkFun P/N COM-10443) A 330-ohm resistor Buzzer (Jameco P/N 1956776) Jumpers 9v battery clip (Jameco P/N 105794) 9v connector with barrel plug (Adafruit P/N 80) 1/4-inch MDF for enclosure backing and sides 5mm acrylic for enclosure front 1-inch #4-40 bolts Hot glue gun
Project: Bluetooth Doorbell 103
The Button The button you use in the button unit, shown in Figure 4.9, is kind of intriguing because it has six connectors: two sets of positive and negative terminals that close when the button is pressed—so you could have two circuits, both of which trip when the button is activated. The last two leads—the white lugs in the photo—are for powering the LED. Be sure to attach a resistor on the power lead so you don’t fry your LED inadvertently. I use a 330-ohm resistor in this project.
1 1. 1 LED Terminals
2
2 LED Button
3 Switch Connectors 3. (Two Located on Other Side, Too) 1 3
FIGURE 4.9 The button you use in the project has six connectors.
Instructions for Wiring Up the Doorbell The project consists of two Arduinos equipped with XBee modules and breakout boards. One Arduino has a button, and the other has a buzzer to sound out to let you know someone is at your door. Let’s get started!
Button Unit Let’s begin with the button unit (see Figure 4.10), which consists of the following components:
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CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
A. A B. B
9V battery XBee module
C. C Mini breadboard D. D Arduino Uno E. E Button F. F Perfboard
A B
C
F D
E
FIGURE 4.10 The button unit before the acrylic is added. Now, assemble these parts together as shown in Figure 4.11, and you can follow along with these steps:
Project: Bluetooth Doorbell 105
FIGURE 4.11 The button unit consists primarily of a button, an Arduino, and the wireless module. 1. Plug in the XBee and its breakout board to a mini breadboard. 2. Plug the XBee’s 5V to the 5V on the Arduino, its TX into RX, its RX into TX, and its GND
pin to any free GND on the Arduino. 3. Connect one of the button’s leads to pin 8 and the other to GND. (I use the breadboard
to accommodate the GND leads coming from the button.) 4. Solder a 330-ohm resistor and a jumper to the button’s LED’s power terminal, and con-
nect the other end to the 3V3 port of the Arduino. The other terminal of the LED goes to GND.
Buzzer Unit Next, connect the components that make up the buzzer unit, seen in Figure 4.12. These consist of the following:
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CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
A. A B. B
Arduino Uno Mini breadboard
C. C XBee wireless module D Buzzer D.
A D
C B
FIGURE 4.12 The buzzer unit waiting to be closed up. The outer holes are for wall mounting. Next, use Figure 4.13 as a guide for connecting the various parts: 1. Plug in the XBee and its breakout board into a mini breadboard.
Project: Bluetooth Doorbell 107
1
2
3
FIGURE 4.13 The buzzer unit consists of an Arduino, XBee, and buzzer. 2. Plug in the XBee’s 5V to the 5V on the Arduino, its TX into RX, its RX into TX, and its
GND pin to any free GND on the Arduino. 3. Connect the buzzer’s leads to the breadboard as well, as shown in Figure 4.13. You can
connect them directly to the Arduino if you want—if you go this route, connect the red wire to pin 8 and the black wire to any free GND. 4. To power the buzzer unit, use an Arduino-compatible wall wart or a 9V battery pack.
Building the Doorbell Enclosures You next need to build the two enclosures for this project. The outside enclosure (see Figure 4.14) is designed to resist the elements—I hesitate to call it “weatherproof”—whereas the inside enclosure is designed to look good.
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CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
FIGURE 4.14 The outside enclosure is made out of bent acrylic on a wooden back.
Button Unit Enclosure The button unit is the module that is on the outside of the door—press the button to make the buzzer buzz! To make an enclosure, all you need is a box with a hole for the button, but I’ll show you how you can make one of your own. The one I made consists of a sheet of acrylic that I bent by heating it up, and then laying the flexible acrylic over a metal pipe to form a half-circle. I added the acrylic to a wooden back (refer to Figure 4.11) to finish the enclosure. Here are the steps: 1. Laser-cut the top, bottom, and back out of quarter-inch medium-density fiberboard
(MDF). If you don’t have access to a laser cutter, you can create a box out of pieces of wood, repurpose another container as an enclosure, or buy a commercial project enclosure. 2. Laser-cut the front from 5mm acrylic. (If you want the design files I used to output the
wooden backing as well as the acrylic front, you can find them at https://github.com/ n1/Arduino-For-Beginners.)
Project: Bluetooth Doorbell 109 3. Glue the top and bottom wood pieces to the back wood piece. You might want to paint
the wood! 4. Attach the completed electronics as shown earlier in Figures 4.10 and 4.12. Use the
#4-40 bolts for the Arduinos and hot glue for the buzzer, battery pack, and mini breadboards. If you aren’t using a laser cutter, you’ll need to drill mounting holes in the acrylic. You might want to mock it up using a sheet of paper first. 5. Bend the acrylic front plate as described in the next section, “Bending Acrylic.” 6. Attach the acrylic plate to the front so that the button can be pressed through the hole
in the plastic. 7. Install the unit outside your door of choice, and eagerly await your first visitor!
Bending Acrylic For the outside button unit enclosure, you heat-bend acrylic (see Figure 4.15) to form a casing. This task is easy to learn because you don’t really need anything unusual or uncommon.
FIGURE 4.15 Bending acrylic is easy and gives a nice effect!
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110
Acrylic (also known as Plexiglas) is also easy to heat and re-form. After it gets to the right temperature—not too hot or cool—the acrylic starts to bow and flex. When it gets a little hotter, it softens. That’s when you bend it how you want it, and let it cool into an awesome new shape! You need three things to get started: ■
■
■
The acrylic to be bent—I suggest 1/8 inch, though you might have luck with the thicker stuff. A form—This is the surface over which the hot acrylic will cool and harden. You want this close to the actual curve you want the plastic to hold. The easiest form of all is the edge of a table. I used a rounded form—a pipe—to form the acrylic face seen in Figure 4.7. If you go this route, you’ll need to find a form that matches the curve of the shape you’re looking for. A source of heat—Heat guns (see Figure 4.16) and propane torches are common tools, though you can purchase commercial acrylic-heating strips (TAP Plastics has one for $80, P/N 169). Finally, you could heat up the plastic in an oven. This last technique is not for the faint of heart and you should definitely monitor the plastic closely so it doesn’t bubble or scorch.
FIGURE 4.16 Using a heat gun to soften acrylic.
Project: Bluetooth Doorbell 111
Although you could conceivably use any heat-resistant surface to form your acrylic—or even build your own out of pieces of wood—in some respects, using the edge of the table is an easy choice because it bends the plastic perfectly, using gravity and the table’s surface to make a fairly perfect 90-degree bend. To bend plastic using the “edge of the table” technique, follow these steps: 1. As shown in Figure 4.17, position the acrylic so the edge of the table is right where you
want the plastic to bend. You’ll definitely want to weigh it down so it doesn’t move.
FIGURE 4.17 As the acrylic heats up, it starts to bend. When it gets hot enough, gravity starts pulling the soft acrylic down, as shown in Figure 4.17. 2. Position the acrylic how you want it to look—and work quickly because after it cools,
it becomes just as brittle as it was before. Don’t try to re-bend it without applying more heat!
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CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
Buzzer Unit Enclosure The buzzer unit doesn’t use plastic, because who wants plastic in their home? Instead, you can use a simple arrangement of wooden panels separated by bolts. I laser-cut two pieces of wood, one bigger than the other. (I ended up hand-drilling four additional holes, as shown in Figure 4.18, after changing my mind on how to proceed.)
FIGURE 4.18 I used laser-cut wood for the buzzer unit’s enclosure. To connect the two pieces I used brass bolts, #10-24 and 2.5" long, with brass washers and nuts. This enclosure is considerably easier to do than the other enclosure and it looks great!
Wireless Doorbell Code Upload the following code to your Arduinos. If you’re having difficulty figuring out how to upload your sketches, see Chapter 5 to learn how. As before, you can download the code from https://github.com/n1/Arduino-For-Beginners.
Wireless Doorbell Code 113
Button Unit Code The Button Unit sketch consists of a loop that waits for the button to be pressed, then transmits a wireless alert.
NOTE Code Available for Download You don’t have to enter all of this code by hand. Simply go to https://github.com/ n1/Arduino-For-Beginners to download the free code.
#include
const int buttonPin = 8; int buttonState = 0;
void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP); }
void loop() { if (Serial.available() >= 2) { char start = Serial.read(); if (start != ‘*’) { return; }
char cmd = Serial.read(); }
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); if (buttonState == HIGH) { Serial.write(‘*’); Serial.write(1); } else {
CHAPTER 4: Setting Up Wireless Connections
114
Serial.write(‘*’); Serial.write(0); } delay(50); //limit how fast we update }
Buzzer Unit Code The Buzzer Unit code is similarly plain. The loop monitors serial traffic, then sounds the buzzer when it detects the command from the Button Unit.
NOTE Code Available for Download You don’t have to enter all of this code by hand. Simply go to https://github.com/ n1/Arduino-For-Beginners to download the free code.
#include
const int buzzerPin = 13;
void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT); }
void process_incoming_command(char cmd) { int speed = 0; switch (cmd) { case 1: digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); break; case 0: digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); break;
} }
The Next Chapter 115 void loop() { if (Serial.available() >= 2) { char start = Serial.read(); if (start != ‘*’) { return; }
char cmd = Serial.read(); process_incoming_command(cmd); }
delay(50); //limit how fast we update }
The Next Chapter So far we’ve been talking the hardware angle, but now it’s time to switch things up! You get to delve into Arduino code in Chapter 5 and learn a bunch of programming techniques as well as the specific formatting you’ll need to successfully write your very own Arduino program.
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Index
Symbols 3D printers, plastics, 209-210 80/20, 219
A accelerometer, 147 acrylic, bending, 109-111 Adafruit Industries, 141 Adafruit Motor Shield, 340 adapting example code, 128 air compressors, 203 Akiba (Chris Wang), 95 aluminum building systems, 219-223 analog sensors, 145 connecting to digital sensors, 146 antenna, XBee, 94 ArcBotics, Hexy the Hexapod, 5 Arduino, 5-6 overview, 7 Arduino IDE, 118 menus, 120 Edit menu, 120-121 File menu, 120 Help menu, 123 Sketch menu, 121-122 Tools menu, 122-123 programming window, 118-119 Arduino Playground, 129-130, 141 sharing code, 131 Arduino Uno, 6-8, 33 arithmetic, 133
arrays, 133 assembling laser modules, 38 sensor modules, 38-39 Atari Punk Console, 277 ATmega328 Microcontroller, 7 ATmega328P, 296
B band saws, metal, 216 barometric sensors, 146-147 Beefcake Relay Control Board, 324-325 Belkin, ESD protection, 63 bending acrylic, 109-111 Bleep Labs, 275 Blink sketch, 124-127 Bluetooth doorbell project, 101-102 button, 103 doorbell enclosures, 107-112 wiring instructions, 103-107 BMP085 barometric sensor, 147 books, programming resources, 141 breadboard blink project, 32-35 breadboard pins, XBee, 95 breadboarding, 27 assembling circuits with solderless breadboards, 27-30 ground, 30 jumper wires, 30-32 power, 30 breakout boards, XBee, 93 Bricktronics MegaShield, 341-342
BubbleBot project
366
BubbleBot project, 347-349 code, 356-358 instructions, 349-356 buttons, 11 Bluetooth doorbell project, 103 buzzers, piezo buzzers, 17
C calipers, digital, 191 capacitors, 14 caps (capacitors), 14 cat toy project, 247-250 enclosures, 252-268 instructions, 250-251 charging cables, 198 Chibi, 95 ChronoDot, 297 circuit bending, 274 circuits assembling with solderless breadboards, 27-30 ground, 30 jumper wires, 30-32 power, 30 integrated circuits, 20 cleaning up after soldering, 71 CNC (computer numerically controlled) tools, 318-319 CNC mills, 204-206 CNC routers, 302, 318 code BubbleBot project, 356-358 digital clock project, 301 example code, 127 adapting, 128 finding, 128-129 finding in Arduino Playground, 129-130 finding in libraries, 130 sharing, 131 fan controller project, 329
indoor wind chime project, 316-317 lava lamp buddy project, 335-338 mood light code, 159-161 for Noisemaker project, 293-294 plant-watering robot project, 185-186 for pressurized reservoir project, 171 for pushbutton melody project, 280-281 stepper turner project, 346-347 ultrasonic night light project, 246-247 wireless doorbell code button unit code, 113-114 buzzer unit code, 114-115 wireless LED code, 99-101 Code.Google.com, 131 comparison operators, 134 conductors, 29 connecting sensors, digital and analog sensors, 146 controlling flow of liquid peristaltic pumps, 168 pressurized reservoirs, 167 solenoid valves, 166-167 high voltage, 322 Beefcake Relay Control Board, 324-325 EMSL Simple Relay Shield, 323-324 PowerSwitch Tail, 322-323 motors, 340 Bricktronics MegaShield, 341-342 EasyDriver, 341 Motor Shield, 340 Cupcake CNC 3D printer, 209 curly braces, 126 cutters, 60
D data indicators, 8 data LED, XBee, 95 datasheets, electronics, 239-240 DC motors, 15
flux-core solder 367
debugging with serial monitor, 137-139 decrement, 135 Delp, Mickey, 274 desktop vises, 59-60 desoldering, 68-70 desoldering braids, 70 desoldering bulb, 69 Digi International, 92 digital calipers, 191 digital clock project, 298-301 code, 301 digital sensors, 145 connecting to analog sensors, 146 doorbell enclosures, Bluetooth doorbell project, 107-112 downloading Arduino software, 8 drills, 203
E EasyDriver, 341 Edit menu, Arduino IDE, 120-121 electricity, safety, 325-326 electro-static discharge (ESD) protection, 62 electronics, 9 buttons and switches, 11 capacitors, 14 flex sensors, 22 harvesting, 235-237 integrated circuits, 20 LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 11 marking, 238 datasheets, 239-240 part numbers, 238-239 resistor color bands, 240-241 schematic symbols, 241-242 motors, 15-16 piezo buzzers, 17 plant-watering robot project, 179-180 potentiometers, 12-13
relays, 19 resistors, 13-14 seven-segment displays, 18 solenoids, 16 temperature sensors, 21 EMSL Simple Relay Shield, 323-324 enclosures building for laser trip beam project, 41-47 building for LED strip coffee table project, 76-81 cat toy project, 252-268 plant-watering robot project, 181-183 encoders, 148 ESD protection, soldering, 62 Evil Mad Science LLC, 8 example code, 127 adapting, 128 finding, 128-129 Arduino Playground, 129-130 libraries, 130 sharing, 131 extruders, plastics, 212
F fan controller project, 327 code, 329 instructions, 328 fans, 62 File menu, Arduino IDE, 120 finding example code, 128-129 Arduino Playground, 129-130 libraries, 130 first-aid kits, 199 flashlights, 196 flex sensors, 22 flow of liquid, controlling with peristaltic pumps, 168 with pressurized reservoirs, 167 with solenoid valves, 166-167 flux-core solder, 58
food safety, pressurized reservoirs
368
food safety, pressurized reservoirs, 172 For function, 134-135 FORMUFIT, 174 Freakduino Chibi, 95 Fritzing, 34, 230 fume extractors, 62 functions For, 134-135 if/else, 136 mapping, 136 max, 136 min, 136 random, 136 serial.begin(), 139 Serial.println(), 139 switch/case, 137 while, 137
G gas sensors, 148 GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), 228 GitHub.com, 131 glue hot glue guns, 196 super glue, 195 grinders, metal, 217 ground, 30 ground bus strip, 29
H Hack Factory, 224 Hackerspace, 224 hackerspaces, 225 Hall Effect sensor, 149 hardware, 193 harvesting electronics, 235-237 heat-shrink tubing (HST), 40-41 Help menu, Arduino IDE, 123
hemostats, 61 Hexy the Hexapod, 5 HIGH, 127 high voltage, 322 Beefcake Relay Control Board, 324-325 EMSL Simple Relay Shield, 323-324 PowerSwitch Tall, 322-323 Hitec HS-322HD servo, 249 hole letters and numbers, 29 hot glue guns, 196 HST (heat-shrink tubing), 40-41
I IDE (integrated development environment), 118 if/else functions, 136 include, 135 increment, 135 indoor wind chime project, 302-303 code, 316-317 instructions, 304-315 servo horns, 303 Industrial Erector Set, 219 infrared detector project, 50 code for, 51-52 wiring up the PIR and buzzer, 51 infrared sensors, 150, 331 Inkscape, 229 Instructables, 141 integrated circuits, 20 integrated development environment (IDE), 118 interrupts, 135-136 iRobot Scooba, 235
J JeeLabs JeeNode, 96 JeeNode, 96
Maker2s Notebook 369
jumper wires, assembling circuits with solderless breadboards, 30-32
K kerf bending, 162 keywords HIGH, 127 LOW, 127 void, 126 KiCad PCB Layout software, 230 knives, X-Acto knives, 192 knock sensors, 150 Krazy Glue, 195
L laser cutters, 200 CNC mills, 205 how to use, 201-202 laser modules, assembling, 38 laser trip beam project, 35-37 assembling the laser module, 38 assembling the sensor module, 38-39 building enclosures, 41-47 code for, 47-48 setting up the trip beam, 49-50 lasers, safety, 36 lathes, 206, 269-271 lava lamp buddy project, 330-331 code, 335-338 instructions, 332-334 lead-free solder, 58 lead solder, 58 LED strip code, LED strip coffee table project, 82-89 LED strip coffee table project, 72 attaching light strips to tables, 75-76 building enclosures, 76-81 controlling LED strips, 82
LED strip code, 82-89 preparing light strips, 73-74 LED strips, controlling for LED strip coffee table project, 82 LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 11 wireless LED activation project, 96-98 LEGO plastics, 210-211 prototyping, 184-185 LEGO enclosures, 181 LEGO peristaltic pumps, 171 libraries, 139-140 finding code, 130 servo objects, 140 light-emitting diodes. See LEDs light sensors, 23 light strips attaching to tables for LED strip coffee table project, 75-76 preparing for LED strip coffee table project, 73-74 lights, ultrasonic night light project, 245-246 code, 246-247 liquid, controlling flow with peristaltic pumps, 168 with pressurized reservoirs, 167 with solenoid valves, 166-167 LoL (Lots of LEDs), 128 LOW, 127 LushOne synthesizers, 276
M Mace, Garrett, 153 magnifying glasses, 197 Make, 141 Makeblock, 222 maker spaces, 224-228 MakerCase, 231 Maker2s Notebook, 198
370
mapping function
mapping function, 136 marking electronics, 238 datasheets, 239-240 part numbers, 238-239 resistor color bands, 240-241 schematic symbols, 241-242 max, 136 measuring tapes, 190 MegaShield (Bricktronics), 341-342 menus Arduino IDE, 120 Edit menu, 120-121 File menu, 120 Help menu, 123 Sketch menu, 121-122 Tools menu, 122-123 metal, tools, 214 aluminum building systems, 219-223 band saws, 216 grinders, 217 plasma cutters, 215 welders, 218-219 metal inert gas (MIG), 218 MicroRAX, 220 beams, 77 corner braces, 78 MIG (metal inert gas), 218 min, 136 mini flashlights, 196 mood light project, 152-158 code, 159-161 Motor Shield (Adafruit), 340 motors, 15-16 BubbleBot project, 347-349 code, 356-358 instructions, 349-356 controlling, 340 Bricktronics MegaShield, 341-342 EasyDriver, 341 Motor Shield, 340 Hitec HS-322HD, 249
powering with TIP-120, 342-343 stepper turner project, 344-346 code, 346-347 multimeters, 188, 233-235 multitools, 189
N needle-nose pliers, 61 network time protocol (NTP), 295 noise, 274 Noisemaker project, 282-283 code, 293-294 instructions, 283-292 noisemaking projects LushOne synthesizers, 276 Noisemaker, 282-283 code, 293-294 instructions, 283-292 pushbutton melody, 278-279 code, 280-281 Tactile Metronome, 275 Thingamagoop, 275 NTP (network time protocol), 295
O Open Beam, 221 open source hardware, 131-133
P-Q part numbers, electronics, 238-239 passive infrared (PIR), 50 PCB (printed circuit board), 93, 230 pen style soldering irons, 55 peristaltic pumps, 165 controlling flow of liquid, 168 piezo buzzers, 17, 150 pinouts, 8
projects 371
pins, XBee 94 PIR (passive infrared), 50 wiring, 51 plant-watering robot project, 173-174 code, 185-186 electronics, 179-180 enclosures, 181-183 instructions, 175-179 plasma cutters, 215 plastic, tools, 208-209 3D printers, 209-210 extruders, 212 LEGO, 210-211 Sugru, 211 Tamiya, 213 vacuum formers, 211 Playground, 129-130 pliers, needle-nose pliers, 61 potentiometers, 12-13 pots (potentiometers), 12-13 power, 30 power bus strip, 29 power indicator, 8 power jack, 8 power LED, XBee, 94 power regulators, XBee, 95 powering motors with TIP-120, 342-343 PowerSwitch Tail, 322-323 pressurized reservoir project, 169-171 code for, 171 pressurized reservoirs, 165 controlling flow of liquid, 167 printed circuit board (PCB), 93, 230 private, 140 programming arithmetic, 133 arrays, 133 Blink sketch, 124-127 comparison operators, 134 example code, 127 adapting, 128 finding, 128-130
sharing, 131 For function, 134-135 if/else, 136 include reference, 135 increment/decrement, 135 interrupts, 135-136 mapping function, 136 random, 136 resources, 141 switch/case, 137 while function, 137 programming window, Arduino IDE, 118-119 projects Bluetooth doorbell, 101-102 button, 103 doorbell enclosures, 107-112 wiring instructions, 103-107 breadboard blink, 32-35 BubbleBot, 347-349 code, 356-358 instructions, 349-356 cat toys, 247-250 enclosures, 252-268 instructions, 250-251 digital clock project, 298-301 code, 301 fan controllers, 327 code, 329 instructions, 328 indoor wind chime, 302-303 code, 316-317 instructions, 304-315 servo horns, 303 kerf bending, 162 laser trip beam, 35-37 assembling the laser module, 38 assembling the sensor module, 38-39 building enclosures, 41-47 code for, 47-48 setting up the trip beam, 49-50
projects
372
lava lamp buddy, 330-331 code, 335-338 instructions, 332-334 LED strip coffee table, 72 attaching light strips to tables, 75-76 building enclosures, 76-81 controlling LED strips, 82 LED strip code, 82-89 preparing light strips, 73-74 mood lights, 152-158 Noisemakers, 282-283 code, 293-294 instructions, 283-292 noisemaking projects, pushbutton melody, 278-281 plant-watering robot, 173-174 code, 185-186 electronics, 179-180 enclosures, 181-183 instructions, 175-179 pressurized reservoirs, 169-171 code for, 171 stepper turner, 344-346 code, 346-347 ultrasonic night lights, 245-246 code, 246-247 wireless LED activation, 96-98 projects infrared detectors, 50 code for, 51-52 wiring up the PIR and buzzer, 51 prototypes, LEGO, 184-185 pushbutton melody project, 278-279 code, 280-281 PVC (polyvinyl chloride), 174-175
R random functions, 136 real-time clock (RTC), 295-297 Relay Shield, 8
relays, 19, 322 Beefcake Relay Control Board, 324-325 EMSL Simple Relay Shield, 323-324 PowerSwitch Tail, 322-323 reset button, 8 resistor color bands, 240-241 resistors, 13-14 resources for programming, 141 rotary tools, wood, 202 routers, CNC routers, 318 RTC (real-time clock), 295-297 rules, safety, 24-26
S safety controlling high voltage, 322 Beefcake Relay Control Board, 324-325 EMSL Simple Relay Shield, 323-324 PowerSwitch Tail, 322-323 electricity, 325-326 first-aid kits, 199 lasers, 36 lathes, 271 soldering, 55 working with wood, 267 safety rules, 24-26 sanders, 207 schematic symbols, marking electronics, 241-242 scissors, 192 screwdrivers, 193 sensor modules, assembling, 38-39 sensors, 143-146 accelerometer, 147 analog, 145 barometric sensors, 146-147 connecting digital and analog sensors, 146 digital, 145 encoders, 148 flex sensors, 22
stick welders 373
gas sensors, 148 Hall Effect sensor, 149 infrared, 331 infrared sensors, 150 knock sensors, 150 light sensors, 23 mood light project, 152-158 piezo buzzer, 150 sound sensors, 151 temperature sensors, 21 tilt sensors, 151-152 ultrasonic sensors, 23, 244-245 serial monitor, debugging, 137-139 serial.begin(), 139 Serial.println(), 139 Series 1 (XBee), 93, 96 Series 2 (XBee), 93 servo horns, 303 servo objects, 140 servos, 15 setup, 126 seven-segment displays, 18 sharing example code, 131 Sharp, Iain, 276 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), 218 shields, Relay Shield, 8 ShiftBrite module, 153 Simple Relay Shield (EMSL), 323 Sketch menu, Arduino IDE, 121-122 sketchbooks, 198 sketches, uploading, 124 SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding), 218 software downloading, 8 Fritzing, 230 GIMP, 228 Inkscape, 229 KiCad, 230 MakerCase, 231 solder, 53 choosing, 58-59 flux-core, 58
lead-free solder, 58 lead solder, 58 solid-core, 58 solder pads, 54 solder stand, 63 solder suckers, 69 soldering cleaning up, 71 cutters and strippers, 60 desktop vises, 59-60 desoldering, 68-70 ESD protection, 62 fans and fume extractors, 62 how to, 53-54, 64-67 needle-nose pliers and hemostats, 61 safety, 55 solder stand, 63 tips for, 71 soldering irons, 190 choosing, 55-57 tinning tips, 57 Weller WES5, 56 solderless breadboards assembling circuits, 27-30 ground, 30 jumper wires, 30-32 power, 30 solenoid valves, 165 controlling flow of liquid, 166-167 solenoids, 16 solid-core solder, 58 sonar, 243 sound, 274 sound sensors, 151 SparkFun, 141 ADXL362, 147 Beefcake Relay Control Board, 324-325 sponge (for soldering), 63 stepper turner project, 344-346 code, 346-347 steppers, 15 stick welders, 218
strippers
374
strippers, 60 Sugru, plastics, 211 super glue, 195 switch/case, 137 switches, 11 synthesizers, 276
T table saws, 206 Tactile Metronome, 275 Tamiya, plastics, 213 temperature sensors, 21 terminal strips, 29 Thingamagoop, 275 TIG welders, 219 tilt sensors, 151-152 time digital clock project, 298-301 code, 301 indoor wind chime project, 302-303 code, 316-317 instructions, 304-315 servo horns, 303 timer servers, 295 ATmega328P, 296 tinning tips, 57 TIP-12, powering motors, 342-343 toolboxes, 188 tools charging cables, 198 cutters, 60 desktop vises, 59 desoldering braids, 70 desoldering bulb, 69 digital calipers, 191 ESD (electro-static discharge) protection, 62 fans, 62 first-aid kits, 199 flashlights, 196
fume extractors, 62 hardware, 193 harvesting electronics, 235-237 hemostats, 61 hot glue guns, 196 magnifying glasses, 197 measuring tapes, 190 metal, 214 aluminum building systems, 219-223 band saws, 216 grinders, 217 plasma cutters, 215 welders, 218-219 multimeters, 188, 233-235 multitools, 189 needle-nose pliers, 61 plastics, 208-209 3D printers, 209-210 extruders, 212 LEGO, 210-211 Sugru, 211 Tamiya, 213 vacuum formers, 211 scissors, 192 screwdrivers, 193 sketchbooks, 198 solder stands, 63 solder suckers, 69 soldering irons, 190 sponges, 63 strippers, 60 super glue, 195 wire strippers, 194 woodworking, 200 air compressors, 203 CNC mills, 204-206 drills, 203 laser cutters, 200-202 lathes, 206 rotary tools, 202 sanders, 207 table saws, 206
XBee 375
writing utensils, 197 X-Acto knives, 192 Tools menu, Arduino IDE, 122-123 traces, 54 troubleshooting breadboard blink project, 34 Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG), 219
U ultrasonic detection, 243-245 ultrasonic night light project, 245-246 code, 246-247 ultrasonic sensors, 23, 244-245 cat toy project, 247-250 enclosures, 252-268 instructions, 250-251 Uno, 6 uploading sketches, 124 USB jack, 8
V vacuum formers, plastics, 211 Valenzuela, Miguel, 171 VEX, 223 Vibrati Punk Console, 277-278 void, 126
W Wang, Chris, 95 Wayne and Layne, 275 websites, programming resources, 141 welders, metal, 218-219 Weller WES51, 56 while function, 137 Wi-Fi shield, 296 wire strippers, 194
wireless connections Bluetooth doorbell project, 101-102 button, 103 doorbell enclosures, 107-112 wiring instructions, 103-107 Freakduino Chibi, 95 wireless doorbell code button unit code, 113-114 buzzer unit code, 114-115 wireless LED activation project, 96-98 wireless LED code, 99-101 wireless modules JeeLabs JeeNode, 96 XBee wireless modules, 92 wiring instructions, Bluetooth doorbell project, 103-107 wiring PIR (passive infrared), 51 woodworking tools, 200 air compressors, 203 CNC mills, 204-206 drills, 203 laser cutters, 200 how to use, 201-202 lathes, 206 rotary tools, 202 sanders, 207 table saws, 206 writing utensils, 197
X-Y X-acto knives, 192 XBee, 94 antenna, 94 breadboard pins, 95 breakout boards, 93 data LED, 95 pins, 94 power LED, 94 power regulators, 95 Series 1 versus Series 2, 93
XBee
376
versus XBee Pro, 92 wireless LED activation project, 96-98 XBee-equipped bracer, 91 XBee Pro versus XBee, 92 XBee wireless modules, 92
Z ZigBee, 92
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